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| author | Taylan Kammer <taylan.kammer@gmail.com> | 2026-01-08 14:54:20 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Taylan Kammer <taylan.kammer@gmail.com> | 2026-01-08 14:54:20 +0100 |
| commit | 8012e3fe177069a709f30d2ab4a18ff11025c86f (patch) | |
| tree | a6e75e6a3a56ff3fc6f056f6347e58329915725b /docs/c1 | |
| parent | cf2697d24c13cdc7ea5f93ce0ff5143f41a85a83 (diff) | |
Draft a Manual front-page.
Diffstat (limited to 'docs/c1')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/c1/1-parse.md | 117 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/c1/2-decode.md | 44 |
2 files changed, 161 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/docs/c1/1-parse.md b/docs/c1/1-parse.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a23ebbc --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/c1/1-parse.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +# Parser for Code & Data + +Zisp s-expressions are defined in terms of an extremely minimal set of data +types; only that which is necessary to build representations of more complex +expressions and data types: + + +--------+-----------------+--------+----------+------+ + | TYPE | String | Rune | Pair | Nil | + +--------+-----------------+--------+----------+------+ + | E.G. | foo, |foo bar| | #name | (X & Y) | () | + +--------+-----------------+--------+----------+------+ + +Note that the ampersand replaces the period in pair notation. This simplifies +the grammar: periods are a regular constituent of strings, while the ampersand +cannot appear in unquoted strings. + +The parser can also output non-negative integers, but this is only used for +datum labels; number literals are handled by the *decoder*. + +The parser recognizes various "syntax sugar" and transforms it into uses of the +above data types. The most ubiquitous example is of course the list: + + (datum1 datum2 ...) -> (datum1 & (datum2 & (... & ()))) + +The following table summarizes the other supported transformations: + + "xyz" -> (#QUOTE & |xyz|) #datum -> (#HASH & datum) + + [...] -> (#SQUARE ...) #rune(...) -> (#rune ...) + + {...} -> (#BRACE ...) dat1dat2 -> (#JOIN dat1 & dat2) + + 'datum -> (#QUOTE & datum) dat1.dat2 -> (#DOT dat1 & dat2) + + `datum -> (#GRAVE & datum) dat1:dat2 -> (#COLON dat1 & dat2) + + ,datum -> (#COMMA & datum) #%hex% -> (#LABEL & hex) + + #%hex=datum -> (#LABEL hex & datum) + +A separate process called *decoding* can transform such data into more complex +types. For example, `(#HASH x y z)` could be decoded into a vector, so the +expression `#(x y z)` works just like in Scheme. + +Decoding also resolves datum labels, goes over strings to find ones that are +actually a number literal, and takes care of a number of other transformations. +This offloads complexity, allowing the parser to remain extremely simple. See +the dedicated documentation of the decoder for more. + +Further notes about the syntax sugar table and examples above: + +* The terms datum, dat1, and dat2 each refer to an arbitrary datum; ellipsis + means zero or more data; hex is a hexadecimal number of up to 12 digits. + +* The `#datum` form only applies when the datum following the hash sign is a + list, quoted string, quote expression, another expression starting with the + hash sign, or a pipe-quoted string (see next). A bare string can follow the + hash sign by separating the two with a backslash: `#\string` + +* Strings can be quoted with pipes, like symbols in Scheme: + + |foo bar baz| + +* Though not represented in the table due to notational difficulty, the form + `#rune(...)` doesn't require a list in the second position; any datum that + works with the `#datum` syntax also works with `#rune<DATUM>`. + + #rune1#rune2 -> (#rune1 & #rune2) + + #rune"text" -> (#rune & "text") + + #rune\string -> (rune & string) + + #rune'string -> (#rune #QUOTE & string) + + As a counter-example, following a rune immediately with a bare string isn't + possible without the delimiting backslash, since that would be ambiguous: + + #abcdefgh ;Could be (#abcdef & gh) or (#abcde & fgh) or ... + +* Syntax sugar can combine arbitrarily; some examples follow: + + #{...} -> (#HASH #BRACE ...) + + #'foo -> (#HASH #QUOTE & foo) + + ##'[...] -> (#HASH #HASH #QUOTE #SQUARE ...) + + {x y}[i j] -> (#JOIN (#BRACE x y) #SQUARE i j) + + foo.bar.baz{x y} -> (#JOIN (#DOT (#DOT foo & bar) & baz) #BRACE x y) + +* While in Lisp and Scheme `'foo` parses as `(quote foo)`, in Zisp it parses + as `(#QUOTE & foo)` instead; the operand of `#QUOTE` is the entire cdr. + + The same principle is used when parsing other sugar; some examples follow: + + Incorrect Correct + + #(x y z) -> (#HASH (x y z)) #(x y z) -> (#HASH x y z) + + [x y z] -> (#SQUARE (x y z)) [x y z] -> (#SQUARE x y z) + + #{x} -> (#HASH (#BRACE (x))) #{x} -> (#HASH #BRACE x) + + foo(x y) -> (#JOIN foo (x y)) foo(x y) -> (#JOIN foo x y) + +* Runes are case-sensitive, and the parser always emits runes using upper-case + letters when expressing syntax sugar. Uppercase rune names are reserved for + Zisp's internal use and standard library; users can use lowercase runes with + custom meaning without worrying about clashes. + +<!-- +;; Local Variables: +;; fill-column: 80 +;; End: +--> diff --git a/docs/c1/2-decode.md b/docs/c1/2-decode.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b34204 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/c1/2-decode.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +# Decoding + +A separate process called "decoding" can transform simple data structures, +consisting of only the datum types, into a richer set of Zisp types. + +For example, the decoder may turn `(#HASH ...)` into a vector, as one would +expect a vector literal like `#(...)` to work in Scheme. Bytevector syntax +could use a custom rune as a list prefix, like: `#u8(...)` + +Runes may be decoded in isolation as well, rather than transforming a list +whose head they appear in. This can implement Boolean constants as `#true` +and `#false` or `#t` and `#f`. + +The decoder recognizes `(#QUOTE ...)` to aid in implementing the traditional +quoting mechanism of Lisp/Scheme, but with a significant difference: + +Traditional quote is "unhygienic" in Scheme terms. An expression such as +`'(foo bar)` will always be read as `(quote (foo bar))` regardless of what +lexical context it appears in, so the semantics will depend on whatever the +identifier `quote` is bound to, meaning that the expression may end up +evaluating to something other than the list `(foo bar)`. + +The Zisp decoder, which transforms not datum to datum, but object to object, +can turn `#QUOTE` into an object which encapsulates the notion of quoting, +which the Zisp evaluator can recognize and act upon, ensuring that an +expression like `'(foo bar)` always turns into the list `(foo bar)`. + +One way to think about this, in Scheme (R6RS / syntax-case) terms, is that +expressions like `'(foo bar)` turn directly into a syntax object when read, +and the created syntax object begins with an identifier bound to `quote` in +the standard library. + +The decoder is, of course, configurable and extensible. The transformations +mentioned above would be performed only when it's told to decode data which +represents Zisp code. The decoder may be given a different configuration, +telling it to decode, for example, data which represents a different kind of +domain-specific data, such as application settings, build system commands, +complex data records with non-standard data types, and so on. + +<!-- +;; Local Variables: +;; fill-column: 77 +;; End: +--> |
